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Vera RN

Mixed Ancestry

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Genetic Breed Result

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Chihuahua

Chihuahuas have a huge personality that defies their tiny frame, known to be highly active and intelligent canines.

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Yorkshire Terrier

Petite but proud, the Yorkshire terrier is a popular toy breed with a silky, low-shedding coat.

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Pomeranian

The Pomeranian is a cocky, animated companion with an extroverted personality.

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DNA Breed Origins

Breed colors:
Chihuahua
Yorkshire Terrier
Pomeranian

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Here’s what Vera’s family tree may have looked like.
While there may be other possible configurations of her family’s relationships, this is the most likely family tree to explain Vera’s breed mix.
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Health Summary

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Vera inherited two variants that you should learn more about.

And one variant that you should tell your vet about.

Degenerative Myelopathy, DM

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Vera inherited one copy of the variant we tested

What does this result mean?

This variant should not impact Vera’s health. This variant is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that a dog needs two copies of the variant to show signs of this condition. Vera is unlikely to develop this condition due to this variant because she only has one copy of the variant.

Impact on Breeding

Your dog carries this variant and will pass it on to ~50% of her offspring. You can email breeders@embarkvet.com to discuss with a genetic counselor how the genotype results should be applied to a breeding program.

What is Degenerative Myelopathy, DM?

The dog equivalent of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig’s disease, DM is a progressive degenerative disorder of the spinal cord. Because the nerves that control the hind limbs are the first to degenerate, the most common clinical signs are back muscle wasting and gait abnormalities.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM1

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Vera inherited one copy of the variant we tested

What does this result mean?

Research indicates that this genetic variant is not likely to increase the risk that Vera will develop this condition.

Scientific Basis

Dogs with Vera’s breeds have been included in research studies or have had follow-up by our experts that indicate that this genetic variant is not likely to increase the risk of Vera developing clinical disease.

Impact on Breeding

This genetic result should not be the primary factor in your breeding decisions.

What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM1?

DCM is the most common acquired heart disease of adult dogs. The heart has two heavily muscled ventricles that pump blood away from the heart. This disease causes progressive weakening of the ventricles by reducing the muscle mass, which causes the ventricles to dilate. Dilated ventricles do not contract and circulate oxygenated blood well, which eventually leads to heart failure.

ALT Activity

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Vera inherited one copy of the variant we tested

Why is this important to your vet?

Vera has one copy of a variant associated with reduced ALT activity as measured on veterinary blood chemistry panels. Please inform your veterinarian that Vera has this genotype, as ALT is often used as an indicator of liver health and Vera is likely to have a lower than average resting ALT activity. As such, an increase in Vera’s ALT activity could be evidence of liver damage, even if it is within normal limits by standard ALT reference ranges.

What is ALT Activity?

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a clinical tool that can be used by veterinarians to better monitor liver health. This result is not associated with liver disease. ALT is one of several values veterinarians measure on routine blood work to evaluate the liver. It is a naturally occurring enzyme located in liver cells that helps break down protein. When the liver is damaged or inflamed, ALT is released into the bloodstream.

Breed-Relevant Genetic Conditions

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Progressive Retinal Atrophy, rcd3 (PDE6A)

Identified in Pomeranians

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, prcd (PRCD Exon 1)

Identified in Chihuahuas and Yorkshire Terriers

Progressive Retinal Atrophy, crd4/cord1 (RPGRIP1)

Identified in Chihuahuas

Primary Lens Luxation (ADAMTS17)

Identified in Yorkshire Terriers

Urate Kidney & Bladder Stones (SLC2A9)

Identified in Pomeranians

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 7, NCL 7 (MFSD8, Chihuahua and Chinese Crested Variant)

Identified in Chihuahuas

Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Myokymia and/or Seizures (KCNJ10)

Identified in Chihuahuas

Hereditary Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets (VDR)

Identified in Pomeranians

Intervertebral Disc Disease (Type I) (FGF4 retrogene - CFA12)

Identified in Chihuahuas

Additional Genetic Conditions

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Traits

Explore the genetics behind your dog’s appearance and size.

Coat Color

Coat Color

Other Coat Traits

Other Coat Traits

Other Body Features

Other Body Features

Body Size

Body Size

Performance

Performance

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Through Vera’s mitochondrial DNA we can trace her mother’s ancestry back to where dogs and people first became friends. This map helps you visualize the routes that her ancestors took to your home. Their story is described below the map.

Haplogroup

A1a

Haplotype

A16/17/99/100

Map

A1a

Vera’s Haplogroup

A1a is the most common maternal lineage among Western dogs. This lineage traveled from the site of dog domestication in Central Asia to Europe along with an early dog expansion perhaps 10,000 years ago. It hung around in European village dogs for many millennia. Then, about 300 years ago, some of the prized females in the line were chosen as the founding dogs for several dog breeds. That set in motion a huge expansion of this lineage. It's now the maternal lineage of the overwhelming majority of Mastiffs, Labrador Retrievers and Gordon Setters. About half of Boxers and less than half of Shar-Pei dogs descend from the A1a line. It is also common across the world among village dogs, a legacy of European colonialism.

A16/17/99/100

Vera’s Haplotype

Part of the large A1a haplogroup, this common haplotype is found in village dogs across the globe. Among breed dogs, we find it most frequently in Labrador Retrievers, Newfoundlands, German Shepherd Dogs, and Golden Retrievers.

Shar Pei dogs think A1a is the coolest!

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The Paternal Haplotype reveals a dog’s deep ancestral lineage, stretching back thousands of years to the original domestication of dogs.

Are you looking for information on the breeds that Vera inherited from her mom and dad? Check out her breed breakdown and family tree.

Paternal Haplotype is determined by looking at a dog’s Y-chromosome—but not all dogs have Y-chromosomes!

Why can’t we show Paternal Haplotype results for female dogs?

All dogs have two sex chromosomes. Female dogs have two X-chromosomes (XX) and male dogs have one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome (XY). When having offspring, female (XX) dogs always pass an X-chromosome to their puppy. Male (XY) dogs can pass either an X or a Y-chromosome—if the puppy receives an X-chromosome from its father then it will be a female (XX) puppy and if it receives a Y-chromosome then it will be a male (XY) puppy. As you can see, Y-chromosomes are passed down from a male dog only to its male offspring.

Since Vera is a female (XX) dog, she has no Y-chromosome for us to analyze and determine a paternal haplotype.

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